Genetic Evaluation of Growth and Reproductive Traits in Indigenous and Exotic Chicken Breeds

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Poultry production is one of the most important sectors in the livestock industry, providing a significant source of animal protein through meat and eggs. The improvement of chicken productivity has been a major focus for animal breeders worldwide. Genetic evaluation is an essential tool used to identify superior animals and improve desirable traits such as growth rate, egg production, and fertility (Falconer and Mackay, 1996). In many developing countries, including Nigeria, indigenous chicken breeds play an important role in rural livelihoods, providing income, nutrition, and food security. However, their productivity remains low compared to exotic breeds due to genetic limitations and poor management practices (Yakubu et al., 2010).

Evaluating growth and reproductive traits in both indigenous and exotic chicken breeds is vital to understanding their genetic potential. This assessment helps identify breeds with superior adaptability, better feed conversion, and higher reproductive efficiency. According to Adenowo et al. (2017), genetic improvement through selective breeding or crossbreeding can enhance both productivity and adaptability of local chickens. Hence, this study seeks to evaluate the genetic parameters influencing growth and reproductive performance in indigenous and exotic chicken breeds.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Despite their adaptability and resilience, indigenous chickens are characterized by low growth rate, delayed maturity, and poor egg production. In contrast, exotic breeds show higher productivity but limited adaptation to tropical conditions (Peters et al., 2019). The lack of proper genetic evaluation of these traits has hindered the development of effective breeding programs. Therefore, there is a need to assess and compare the genetic performance of these breeds to enhance their productivity under local conditions.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1. To evaluate the growth performance of indigenous and exotic chicken breeds.

2. To assess reproductive traits such as age at first lay, egg production rate, and hatchability.

3. To estimate genetic parameters such as heritability and genetic correlation between growth and reproductive traits.

1.4 Research Questions

1. What are the growth and reproductive characteristics of indigenous and exotic chicken breeds?

2. How do genetic parameters influence these traits?

3. Which breed shows higher adaptability and productivity under local environmental conditions?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study will provide valuable information for breeders, researchers, and poultry farmers on genetic differences between indigenous and exotic chicken breeds. It will support breeding programs aimed at improving productivity and sustainability in poultry farming. The results may also guide policymakers in developing strategies for conserving indigenous genetic resources.

1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study will focus on selected indigenous and exotic chicken breeds reared under the same management conditions. It will assess growth and reproductive performance but will not cover molecular or genomic aspects due to limited resources.

1.7 Definition of Terms

• Genetic Evaluation: The process of estimating the genetic potential of animals using performance data.

• Growth Traits: Characteristics related to body weight and growth rate.

• Reproductive Traits: Features related to fertility, egg production, and hatchability.