Evaluation of Water Quality Parameters in Domestic and Industrial Areas

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Water is one of the most essential natural resources for life and human development. However, increasing industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural activities have contributed to the deterioration of water quality across many parts of the world. Pollutants such as heavy metals, nitrates, phosphates, and organic matter often enter water bodies through industrial discharges, sewage leaks, and surface runoff (WHO, 2017). These contaminants reduce water quality and increase health risks when consumed or used domestically.
In domestic areas, poor sanitation and improper waste disposal remain major sources of water pollution. Conversely, in industrial zones, effluents from factories and workshops introduce complex mixtures of toxic chemicals into water sources. Therefore, evaluating the quality of water in both settings helps determine the extent of contamination and its possible effects on human health and the environment.
Furthermore, understanding variations in water quality parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and heavy metal concentration supports sustainable water management practices (Edokpayi et al., 2017). Regular monitoring ensures early detection of pollution and promotes the design of effective treatment systems.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Many communities and industrial regions lack consistent monitoring of water quality. As a result, people unknowingly consume polluted water, which contributes to the spread of waterborne diseases and chronic health problems.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1. To assess key physicochemical parameters of water samples from domestic and industrial sources.

2. To compare the results with international water quality standards.

3. To identify potential sources of contamination.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This research will provide essential data for environmental agencies and public health authorities. The findings will support water safety regulations and promote awareness of pollution prevention practices in residential and industrial communities.

1.5 Scope of the Study

The study will cover selected domestic and industrial areas within the target region. Only physical and chemical parameters will be analyzed, using laboratory-based water testing techniques.