Assessment of the Relationship between Neck Circumference and Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Adults in Nigeria

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of the Study

Obesity remains a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Traditionally, researchers use body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference to assess obesity-related risks. However, neck circumference has recently gained attention as a simple, reliable measure of upper body fat distribution (Ben-Noun & Laor, 2006). Studies show that increased neck circumference often correlates with hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance (Preis et al., 2010).

Unlike other measures, neck circumference is easy to obtain and remains less affected by clothing or abdominal distension. It reflects fat deposition in the upper body, which is strongly linked to metabolic and cardiovascular complications. Therefore, it can serve as a useful screening tool for early detection of cardiovascular risk.

In Nigeria, cardiovascular diseases are on the rise due to urbanization, lifestyle changes, and poor dietary habits. Yet, there is limited data on the use of neck circumference as a predictor of cardiovascular risk among Nigerian adults. Studying this relationship will help develop more effective, affordable, and noninvasive screening methods for early risk identification.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Many Nigerians suffer from cardiovascular diseases that go undiagnosed until late stages. Conventional screening methods often require laboratory tests, which are costly and time-consuming. Neck circumference offers a simple alternative, but reference values for Nigerians are lacking. This study addresses this gap by exploring how neck circumference relates to cardiovascular risk indicators.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between neck circumference and cardiovascular risk factors among adults in Nigeria.

The specific objectives are to:

1. Measure neck circumference, BMI, and blood pressure of selected participants.

2. Determine the correlation between neck circumference and key cardiovascular risk factors.

3. Establish threshold values of neck circumference associated with high cardiovascular risk.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The study will provide valuable data for clinicians and public health experts. It will help promote neck circumference as a quick screening tool for cardiovascular risks in Nigeria. Moreover, it will support preventive strategies aimed at reducing disease burden in the population.

1.5 Scope of the Study

The study will focus on adult Nigerians aged 18 years and above. It will include both males and females without chronic illness or physical deformity affecting neck measurements.

1.6 Operational Definition of Terms

• Neck Circumference: The measurement around the neck just below the laryngeal prominence.

• Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Variables that increase the likelihood of heart and blood vessel diseases.

• Obesity: Excessive accumulation of body fat that may impair health.