Study of the Relationship Between Household Energy Use and Indoor Air Quality in Ilorin, Kwara State

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

Indoor air quality has become a major concern in developing countries, especially in regions where traditional fuels dominate household energy use. Many households still depend on firewood, charcoal, and kerosene for cooking and heating. These fuels release pollutants such as carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds that pose serious health risks.

In Ilorin, Kwara State, a large proportion of households rely on these traditional energy sources due to the high cost and irregular supply of cleaner alternatives like liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity. Consequently, indoor environments often contain high concentrations of harmful pollutants. These pollutants can cause respiratory illnesses, eye irritation, and other chronic health conditions.

Improving indoor air quality requires understanding how different energy sources affect the air people breathe in their homes. This study explores the relationship between household energy use and indoor air quality in Ilorin, providing insights that can inform sustainable energy and health policies.

1.1 Background to the Study

The type of fuel used in homes directly affects the quality of indoor air. According to Adesina and Okonkwo (2021), over 60% of Nigerian households use biomass fuels such as wood, charcoal, or agricultural residues. When burned in poorly ventilated spaces, these fuels emit large amounts of smoke and toxic gases. Women and children, who spend more time indoors, face greater exposure and health risks.

Ilorin’s rapid population growth and energy demand have made it difficult for many residents to afford cleaner energy options. Frequent power outages also compel households to rely on generators, which contribute additional air pollutants. The combined effect of these factors leads to poor indoor air quality and increased incidence of respiratory diseases.

Although previous studies have examined air pollution in urban Nigeria, limited attention has been given to the specific link between household energy use and indoor air quality in Ilorin. This research therefore aims to fill that knowledge gap.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Household energy choices in Ilorin continue to depend largely on affordability rather than safety or environmental impact. Many residents use solid fuels that generate smoke and harmful gases within living spaces. Prolonged exposure to these emissions can cause respiratory tract infections, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

In addition, poor ventilation and overcrowded housing conditions worsen indoor pollution levels. Despite the growing health burden, there is little awareness among residents about the dangers of indoor air pollution. Therefore, this study seeks to determine how energy use patterns affect indoor air quality in Ilorin and how these patterns can be improved for healthier living.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

The primary aim of this research is to examine the relationship between household energy use and indoor air quality in Ilorin, Kwara State.

The specific objectives are to:

1. Identify the main types of energy sources used in households across Ilorin.

2. Assess the concentration of key indoor air pollutants in selected homes.

3. Evaluate the relationship between fuel type and indoor air quality.

4. Recommend strategies for promoting cleaner and healthier household energy options.

1.4 Research Questions

1. What are the dominant sources of household energy in Ilorin?

2. How do these energy sources influence indoor air quality?

3. What health problems are associated with poor indoor air quality?

4. What sustainable solutions can improve household energy use in Ilorin?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study is significant because it highlights the connection between energy use and human health in urban households. Its findings will assist policymakers, public health officials, and energy planners in designing interventions that promote clean energy and reduce indoor air pollution.

The research also supports Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) by encouraging environmentally friendly energy use. Additionally, the study will raise public awareness about the hidden dangers of indoor pollution and help households adopt better ventilation and cleaner energy practices.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The study focuses on residential areas within Ilorin metropolis, including Tanke, Sabo Oke, and Oja-Oba. It covers households using various energy sources such as firewood, charcoal, kerosene, gas, and electricity. The research does not include industrial or institutional energy consumption.

1.7 Definition of Key Terms

• Indoor Air Quality: The condition of the air inside buildings as it relates to the health and comfort of occupants.

• Biomass Fuels: Organic materials such as wood and charcoal used as energy sources.

• Particulate Matter (PM): Tiny particles in the air that can be inhaled and cause health problems.

• Clean Energy: Energy derived from renewable or low-emission sources such as LPG, solar, or electricity.

• Ventilation: The process of providing fresh air to indoor spaces to reduce pollutant concentration.

References

Adesina, T. A., & Okonkwo, N. C. (2021). Household energy use and indoor air quality in Nigeria: A health perspective. Environmental Research Journal, 14(2), 67–81.
Oguntade, O. A., & Salihu, A. B. (2020). Indoor air pollution from household energy use in Ilorin metropolis. Journal of Sustainable Environment and Development, 8(3), 52–70.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2022). Household air pollution and health. Geneva: WHO Press.