Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Local Rabbit Populations Using Microsatellite Markers

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background to the Study

Rabbits play an important role in livestock production due to their fast growth rate, short generation interval, and high reproductive potential. They serve as a reliable source of meat and income for smallholder farmers, especially in developing countries where animal protein deficiency remains a challenge (Aduku and Olukosi, 2021). Unlike larger livestock, rabbits require less feed and space, which makes them suitable for both urban and rural households.

However, the genetic potential of local rabbit populations remains underexplored. Many farmers still depend on unimproved breeds whose productivity could be enhanced through selective breeding. To achieve this, scientists must understand the level of genetic diversity within and among these populations. Genetic diversity studies help identify valuable genes that contribute to adaptability, disease resistance, and performance (Li et al., 2018).

In recent years, microsatellite DNA markers have become essential tools for assessing genetic variation. These markers provide detailed insights into population structure and genetic relationships because they are highly polymorphic and evenly distributed across the genome. Compared to traditional physical traits, molecular markers offer a more accurate understanding of genetic differences among animals (Ola et al., 2020). Therefore, studying local rabbit populations through microsatellite markers is an effective step toward improving breeding programs and conserving unique genetic resources.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Rabbit production has continued to gain attention in Nigeria, yet its development is constrained by poor breeding practices and inadequate scientific data. Most farmers select breeding stock based on appearance rather than genetic merit, which leads to inbreeding and performance decline. Furthermore, the lack of molecular data limits researchers’ ability to design effective breeding and conservation strategies (Adebambo et al., 2020). Consequently, valuable genetic traits may be lost as population sizes decline.

To prevent this loss, it is essential to assess the existing genetic variation among local rabbit populations. By using microsatellite markers, researchers can identify genetically distinct groups and develop improvement strategies that maintain genetic diversity while increasing productivity.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to assess the genetic diversity of local rabbit populations using microsatellite DNA markers.

The specific objectives are:

1. To determine the genetic variation within and among rabbit populations in selected regions.

2. To analyze population structure and gene flow among the studied rabbit groups.

3. To identify genetically distinct populations for conservation and breeding improvement.

1.4 Research Questions

1. What is the level of genetic diversity among local rabbit populations?

2. How are these populations genetically structured across different regions?

3. Which microsatellite markers are most informative for assessing genetic diversity?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study will provide vital information that supports the sustainable management and improvement of local rabbit breeds. By identifying genetically diverse populations, breeders can select parent stock more effectively, thereby improving productivity and adaptability. In addition, policymakers and extension agents will benefit from the findings as they develop breeding and conservation programs. Ultimately, the research promotes sustainable livestock production, enhances food security, and preserves valuable genetic resources.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The study focuses on local rabbit populations in selected regions of Nigeria. DNA samples will be collected and analyzed using microsatellite markers to determine genetic variation and population structure. The research emphasizes genetic diversity assessment rather than reproductive or nutritional performance.

1.7 Definition of Terms

• Genetic Diversity: The variety of genetic characteristics within and among populations of a species.

• Microsatellite Marker: A short and repetitive DNA sequence used to detect genetic variation among individuals.

• Population Structure: The distribution and organization of genetic variation within and among populations.