Biochemical Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality and Associated Health Biomarkers among Communities in Osogbo, Osun State

Biochemical Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality and Associated Health Biomarkers among Communities in Osogbo, Osun State

Abstract

Access to clean water is vital for life and health. This study assessed the biochemical quality of drinking water and its effects on health biomarkers among residents of Osogbo, Osun State. Water samples from boreholes, wells, and sachet water were tested for pH, total dissolved solids, nitrates, nitrites, heavy metals, and microbial content. In addition, blood samples from residents were analyzed for liver, kidney, and oxidative stress markers.

The findings showed that several water sources exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) limits for nitrates and heavy metals. Some wells also showed high microbial contamination. People consuming these sources recorded elevated liver and kidney markers, suggesting exposure to harmful substances. There was a clear correlation between pollution levels and oxidative stress, indicating that contaminated water may trigger biochemical damage.

In conclusion, the study stresses the urgent need for water quality monitoring, pollution control, and public health education in Osogbo. Regular water testing and health checkups can help reduce the risks linked to unsafe drinking water.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

Water plays a central role in human health and wellbeing. However, many people still rely on unsafe water sources. Contaminated water often contains chemicals, heavy metals, and microorganisms that can cause disease. In developing regions like Nigeria, urban growth and poor waste disposal worsen this problem.

Osogbo, the capital of Osun State, depends largely on boreholes, wells, and sachet water. Unfortunately, poor sanitation and environmental pollution make these water sources vulnerable. Pollutants can enter the human body and affect biochemical processes, leading to liver, kidney, and blood disorders. Evaluating both the quality of water and the health of consumers helps identify hidden risks in the community.

1.1 Background of the Study

Traditional water assessments often focus on physical and microbial tests. Yet, biochemical evaluations give deeper insights into how contaminants affect health. Substances such as lead, cadmium, nitrates, and nitrites can damage enzymes and organs. Long-term exposure may also cause oxidative stress and metabolic disorders.

In Osogbo, groundwater contamination has become a growing issue due to open dumpsites, waste runoffs, and leaching. As people continue using these water sources, it is vital to examine their chemical composition and how it relates to biochemical health markers in the population.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Many people in Osogbo consume untreated groundwater. Yet, few studies have compared measured contaminants in water with human biochemical health outcomes. The absence of such research leaves health risks unquantified. This study aims to fill that gap by linking water quality data with liver, kidney, and oxidative stress indicators in residents.

1.3 Aim and Objectives

The study aims to evaluate drinking water quality and its effect on biochemical health among residents of Osogbo, Osun State.

Specific objectives include:

1. To measure water quality parameters such as pH, TDS, nitrates, nitrites, and heavy metals.

2. To determine microbial load in different water sources.

3. To analyze blood samples for liver, kidney, and oxidative stress markers.

4. To examine relationships between water quality and biochemical results.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This research provides clear evidence of water-related biochemical risks. The results can guide health agencies and policymakers in improving water treatment systems and public awareness campaigns. It also supports future research in environmental biochemistry, helping communities adopt safer water practices and regular health monitoring.

1.5 Scope of the Study

The study focuses on selected communities in Osogbo, Osun State. It covers borehole, well, and sachet water sources. Both water chemistry and human serum samples are analyzed to show how environmental exposure affects health.

1.6 Definition of Key Terms

• Biochemical Assessment: Measuring chemical and enzyme changes in the body to evaluate health.

• Oxidative Stress: An imbalance between harmful free radicals and protective antioxidants.

• Groundwater Contamination: The presence of pollutants or microbes in underground water sources.

• Health Biomarkers: Biological signs that reveal the body’s response to environmental conditions.