Genetic Evaluation of Growth and Reproductive Traits in Indigenous and Exotic Chicken Breeds

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background to the Study

Poultry production is a vital component of the agricultural sector in developing countries, providing meat, eggs, and income to rural and urban households. Chickens are among the most commonly raised species due to their adaptability, short generation interval, and high reproductive rate (Adeniji et al., 2020). In Nigeria and other tropical countries, indigenous chicken breeds contribute significantly to rural livelihoods. However, these breeds are characterized by low productivity in comparison with exotic breeds that have been genetically improved for growth and egg production (Okpeku et al., 2021).

Genetic evaluation of growth and reproductive traits enables breeders to identify superior birds with desirable characteristics for improvement programs. Such evaluations rely on statistical tools and genetic parameters that help estimate heritability and genetic correlations among traits (Falconer and Mackay, 2019). The integration of indigenous and exotic genetic resources has become an important approach to improving productivity while maintaining adaptability to local environments.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Despite the abundance of poultry genetic resources in Africa, productivity remains low due to poor genetic improvement programs and limited scientific evaluation. Indigenous chickens have desirable traits such as disease resistance and adaptability, but their growth rate and egg production are below commercial standards. Conversely, exotic breeds excel in productivity but often fail to thrive under tropical conditions. There is therefore a need to evaluate and compare the genetic potential of both groups to guide breeding and conservation decisions (Adebambo et al., 2022).

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the genetic potential of indigenous and exotic chicken breeds based on their growth and reproductive traits.
Specific objectives include:

1. To compare growth performance traits such as body weight and feed conversion efficiency in both breeds.

2. To assess reproductive traits including age at first lay, egg production, and hatchability.

3. To estimate heritability and genetic correlations among selected traits.

1.4 Research Questions

1. What differences exist in the growth performance of indigenous and exotic chicken breeds?

2. How do reproductive traits vary between the two groups?

3. What is the level of heritability among the traits under study?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study will provide valuable information for poultry breeders, geneticists, and policymakers. The findings will assist in designing breeding programs that combine the productivity of exotic breeds with the adaptability of indigenous chickens. It will also contribute to the conservation of local breeds while improving food security and rural income.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The study focuses on selected indigenous and exotic chicken breeds reared under controlled conditions. Parameters such as body weight, egg production, and reproductive efficiency will be measured and analyzed using genetic evaluation models.

1.7 Definition of Terms

• Genetic Evaluation: A method used to estimate the breeding value of animals for specific traits.

• Heritability: A measure of the proportion of variation in a trait due to genetic factors.

• Exotic Breeds: Improved breeds introduced from foreign countries with high production potential.

• Indigenous Breeds: Local chicken breeds adapted to specific environmental conditions.