Geospatial Analysis of Urban Heat Island Effects in Jos Metropolis, Plateau State

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

Rapid urbanization across developing countries has transformed city environments, altering local climate conditions. As cities expand, natural surfaces such as vegetation and soil are replaced by concrete, asphalt, and metal. These materials absorb and retain heat, causing urban areas to become significantly warmer than their surrounding rural environments (Akinbode, 2021). This phenomenon, known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, has emerged as a growing environmental concern due to its impact on health, energy demand, and air quality.

In Nigeria, the UHI effect is increasingly evident in cities experiencing rapid growth, such as Jos, Lagos, and Abuja. Jos Metropolis, located on the Jos Plateau, was once known for its cool climate and pleasant weather. However, rising temperatures and reduced vegetation cover have begun to change this reputation. The expansion of built-up areas, combined with population growth and industrial activity, has altered Jos’s local climate. Consequently, many residents now experience higher daytime and nighttime temperatures, particularly in densely populated neighborhoods.

This study uses geospatial analysis to examine the extent and intensity of the UHI effect in Jos Metropolis. It explores how land use and land cover changes influence surface temperature variation and seeks to provide insights for sustainable urban planning.

1.1 Background to the Study

Urban areas across the world are expanding rapidly. According to UN-Habitat (2020), more than half of the global population now lives in cities, and this proportion is expected to rise. As cities grow, their microclimates undergo significant changes. Buildings, paved roads, and reduced vegetation increase the absorption of solar radiation, leading to higher surface and air temperatures (Adetayo & Okolie, 2019).

Jos Metropolis is located in Plateau State, North Central Nigeria. The city lies at an elevation of about 1,200 meters above sea level and experiences a tropical highland climate. Historically, the region’s cool weather attracted settlers and tourists. However, recent studies show that average surface temperatures in Jos have been rising due to deforestation, population growth, and urban sprawl (Nwaka et al., 2022). These changes have not only altered local weather conditions but also increased energy demand for cooling and affected public health.

By applying Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques, researchers can map temperature variations across different parts of the city. This approach provides a spatial understanding of the UHI phenomenon, which is crucial for developing sustainable urban management strategies.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Over the years, Jos has experienced a steady increase in population and built-up areas. Unfortunately, this growth has come with a loss of vegetation and open spaces that once moderated the city’s temperature. As a result, some neighborhoods have become significantly warmer than others.

Despite these changes, few studies have analyzed the spatial patterns of temperature variation in Jos using geospatial techniques. Consequently, policymakers lack sufficient data to make informed decisions about urban design, green space management, and environmental sustainability. The rising temperature also affects residents’ comfort, energy consumption, and overall quality of life. Therefore, this study investigates the urban heat island effect in Jos Metropolis using satellite data and GIS analysis to provide scientific evidence for urban planning and climate adaptation strategies.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

The main aim of this study is to analyze the urban heat island effects in Jos Metropolis using geospatial techniques.

The specific objectives are to:

1. Map land use and land cover (LULC) changes in Jos Metropolis between 2010 and 2024.

2. Determine the spatial variation of land surface temperature (LST) across the metropolis.

3. Analyze the relationship between LULC and surface temperature.

4. Suggest urban planning strategies to mitigate the UHI effect in Jos.

1.4 Research Questions

1. What are the major land use and land cover changes in Jos Metropolis between 2010 and 2024?

2. How does land surface temperature vary across different areas of the city?

3. What relationship exists between urban expansion and temperature increase?

4. Which strategies can help reduce the urban heat island effect in Jos?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This research is significant for both environmental management and urban sustainability. It provides spatial data that can help policymakers, urban planners, and environmental agencies make evidence-based decisions. Furthermore, the results will guide urban greening programs, encourage environmentally friendly building designs, and support climate adaptation strategies in Plateau State.

In addition, the study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on urban climate modification in Nigeria. It demonstrates how GIS and Remote Sensing can be used to analyze environmental challenges and design spatially informed solutions. Consequently, this study promotes sustainable city development that balances growth with environmental protection.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The study focuses on Jos Metropolis in Plateau State, which includes areas such as Bukuru, Tudun Wada, Rayfield, and Angwan Rukuba. It analyzes changes in land use, vegetation cover, and surface temperature from 2010 to 2024 using satellite imagery. Although the research considers both environmental and human influences on the UHI effect, it does not include atmospheric modeling or air pollution measurements.

1.7 Definition of Key Terms

• Urban Heat Island (UHI): A phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures than nearby rural areas due to human activities and surface modifications.

• Geospatial Analysis: The use of GIS and Remote Sensing tools to study spatial data and patterns on the Earth’s surface.

• Land Surface Temperature (LST): The temperature of the ground surface measured through thermal satellite imagery.

• Land Use and Land Cover (LULC): The human and natural characteristics of the land surface, such as buildings, vegetation, and water bodies.

• Urbanization: The process by which rural areas develop into urban centers through population growth and infrastructure expansion.

References
Adetayo, R. O., & Okolie, E. A. (2019). Urban growth and surface temperature variation in Nigerian cities. Journal of Environmental Studies, 13(2), 54–68.
Akinbode, O. J. (2021). Climate modification and the urban heat island effect in West African cities. African Environmental Research Review, 24(3), 89–105.
Nwaka, J. U., Musa, H. K., & Lere, P. A. (2022). Urban expansion and temperature dynamics in Jos Metropolis, Nigeria. Nigerian Geographical Journal, 19(1), 33–49.
UN-Habitat. (2020). World cities report 2020: The value of sustainable urbanization. United Nations Human Settlements Programme.